In labeling theory, Becker's findings indicated what pattern?

• A. All pupils are labeled positively
• B. Labels have no influence on grouping
• C. Working-class pupils tend to receive negative labels, while middle-class pupils are more likely to be labeled positively
• D. Labels only apply in primary schools

Answer: (C)

In labeling theory, how someone is labeled by those in authority can shape their future behavior and opportunities. In schools, teachers’ expectations are often influenced by a student’s social background, leading to different treatments, opportunities, and perceptions of ability. Becker’s findings show a pattern where working-class pupils are more likely to receive negative labels, while middle-class pupils are more likely to be labeled positively. These labels then influence how teachers interact with students, what tracks or support they’re placed in, and how students see themselves, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy that reinforces class-based achievement gaps. This illustrates how social class can shape labeling and how labeling, in turn, sustains educational inequality.